Assumptions undergird many of the decisions we make in our personal and work lives. We assume motivation, intent, perspective and more. We see and perceive things that may not exist, and hold tight to beliefs that support the decisions we’ve already made. Research on interviewing suggests that in an interview setting many applicants describe the employee they want to be to a prospective employer, rather than the employee they really are. The research also suggests that interviewers generally decide whether an applicant is suitable during the first 30 seconds of the interview. The remaining minutes of an interview are spent looking for validation of the decision made only seconds after the applicant has taken a seat. Without realizing it we routinely make assumptions about applicants based on personal appearance, the firmness of a handshake, gaps in employment history and more. Assumptions get us in trouble when they distract us from asking the probing questions that will enable us to effectively gauge an applicant’s suitability.
Assumptions also interfere with risk-taking in a nonprofit when we unwittingly “program” the results of an experiment. The term “pilot project” refers to an experiment with a new strategy for meeting client or community needs. A “pilot” is appealing because it allows us to test the waters of a new approach without the associated downside risk of diving into something whose effectiveness, feasibility and ultimate value are uncertain. The overarching goal of a pilot should be organizational learning. And if a “pilot” is indeed a test, the outcome should be uncertain. Yet according to Harvard Business School Professor Amy C. Edmondson, “pilot projects are usually designed to succeed rather than to produce intelligent failures—those that generate valuable information.” In her article, “Strategies For Learning From Failure,” featured in the April 2011 edition of the Harvard Business Review, Professor Edmondson offers a list of questions to help determine if an organization has designed “a genuinely useful pilot.” The list of questions includes:
- Is the pilot being tested under typical circumstances (rather than optimal conditions)?
- Is the goal of the pilot to learn as much as possible (rather than to demonstrate the value of the proposed offering)?
- Is the goal of learning well understood by all employees and managers?
- Is it clear that compensation and performance reviews are not based on a successful outcome for the pilot?
In their book, Surviving and Thriving in Uncertainty: Creating The Risk Intelligent Enterprise, authors Frederick Funston and Stephen Wagner write: “Challenging assumptions is necessary to unearth and understand risk in organizational life. When we base decisions on assumptions that may not be entirely valid, our goals are compromised.” But how should leaders go about challenging assumptions, particularly those that influence the organizational view of critical risks? The following questions, adapted from Funston and Wagner’s work, may help you get started:
- What are the “life and death” assumptions about the nonprofit’s mission, goals and strategies?
- Are there events, circumstances or experience that challenge the fundamental assumptions about mission, goals and strategies?
- What methods are being used to detect changes in the external environment that may necessitate a change in fundamental assumptions?
- Has the Board of the nonprofit explored strategic options should a fundamental shift occur?
The compelling mission of your nonprofit may inspire a fast pace and the belief that you can’t afford to take your eyes off the challenging goals for the current fiscal year. But what if your nonprofit’s goals and strategies are impaired by inaccurate or out-of-date assumptions? Rather than slow down mission-fulfillment, taking some time to revisit assumptions about your external environment and capabilities might bolster your mission for the long-term.
Melanie Lockwood Herman is Executive Director of the Nonprofit Risk Management Center. She welcomes your ideas about any risk management topic, feedback on this article and questions about the Center’s resources at Melanie@nonprofitrisk.org or 703.777.3504. The Center provides risk management tools and resources at www.https://nonprofitrisk.org/ and offers consulting assistance to organizations unwilling to leave their missions to chance.